The journal is committed to preserving the integrity of the scholarly record and follows COPE guidelines in this regard.

• Correction/Erratum: issued for a limited error that does not affect the core results or conclusions, with a clear correction notice linked to the original article.
• Retraction: applied when malpractice (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism) or major errors invalidating the findings are established; a retraction notice stating the reasons is published while the original article remains available, marked "Retracted."
• Expression of Concern: published when there is a credible but unresolved concern under investigation.
• Removal: in very rare cases (e.g., legal infringement or a threat to individuals' safety), with metadata retained.

Published articles are not deleted from the record; any corrective action is formally issued and linked to the article's DOI to ensure traceability.