نحو نظم زراعية مستدامة ومرنة: تقييم دور أكساد في تطبيق التقانات الذكية مناخياً (الأصناف المُحسّنة، والزراعة الحافظة) في إدارة الموارد الطبيعية الزراعية في ظل التغيرات المناخية

أيمن  العوده

المؤلفون

أيمن الشحاذه العوده قسم المحاصيل الحقلية – كلية الهندسة الزراعية الزراعة – جامعة دمشق, خبير بيئة وفيزيولوجيا المحاصيل الحقلية – أكساد

الكلمات المفتاحية:

الأمن الغذائي، الأصناف المُحسّنة، التغيرات المناخية، الزراعة الحافظة، إنتاجية المياه

الملخص

تواجه البيئات العربية تحدياتٍ بيئية ٍكبيرة، تتمثل بشح الموارد المائية، وتراجع مساحة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة، والجفاف المتزامن مع موجات الحر الشديد، وتراجع خصوبة الترب الزراعية، وتدهور النظم الزراعية والطبيعية، وتراجع التنوع الحيوي، بسبب التغيرات المناخية، الأمر الذي أثّر سلباً في الإنتاج الزراعي وتحقيق الأمن الغذائي العربي. وفي ظل النمو السكاني المتزايد، وتغيير العادات الاستهلاكية التفضيلية، فقد تفاقمت مشكلتي الفاقة والجوع، وازدادت نسبة العجز الغذائي، ولا سيّما في المجتمعات الريفية في البيئات الجافة وشبه الجافة العربية، فأصبحت هناك حاجة ملحة لإيجاد حلول عملية وتطبيقية مبتكرة وذكية مناخياً على مستوى القطاع الزراعي، تضمن زيادة إنتاجية الأنواع المحصولية الغذائية الاستراتيجية، لتقليل الهوة بين الإنتاج والاستهلاك، وتحسين مستوى التكيف، والتخفيف من التأثيرات السلبية الناجمة عن التغيرات المناخية. عملت المؤسسات الأكاديمية والهيئات البحثية الوطنية على موضوع تحسين مستوى التكيف مع ظروف البيئات الجافة، وندرة الموارد المائية، وتحسين قدرة النظم البيئية الزراعية التكيفية، ورأب الفجوتين الإنتاجية والغذائية، من خلال تقييم دور الأصناف المعتمدة في سورية، ونظام الزراعة الحافظة، كتقانات ذكية مناخياً في المحافظة على استقرار الإنتاج الزراعي، وزيادة غلّة محصول القمح بنوعيه الطري والقاسي بنحو 25 – 30% تحت ظروف الزراعة الحافظة بالمقارنة مع الزراعة التقليدية، وتحسين إنتاجية مياه الأمطار بنحو 25%، وكفاءة استعمال الأسمدة المعدنية بنحو 22%، وزيادة هامش الربح للمزارعين نتيجة تحسين كفاءة العملية الزراعية (نسبة المخرجات/المدخلات) بنحو 33%، بالإضافة إلى تحسين محتوى التربة من المادة العضوية بنسبة 65%، من خلال زيادة مقدرة الترب الزراعية على احتجاز الكربون العضوي، وزيادة محتوى التربة المائي في منطقة انتشار الجذور بنحو 36%، وبخاصةٍ تحت ظروف الزراعة المطرية، في المنطقة الجنوبية من سورية (محطة بحوث إزرع)، الأمر الذي أسهم في تقليص الفجوتين الإنتاجية والغذائية، وتحسين مقدرة النظم الزراعية التكيفية في ظل التغيرات المناخية.

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