Academy Journal for Basic and Applied Sciences

Artificial Immune System for Fuzzy Backpropagation Neural Networks Optimization

Fathi Gasir — 2026-01-02

Fuzzy Neural Networks (FNNs) enhance conventional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) by incorporating fuzzy membership functions, which enable the handling of uncertainty, ambiguity, and imprecise information. While Fuzzy Backpropagation Neural Networks (FBNNs) improve classification performance across noisy datasets, the effectiveness of fuzzification heavily depends on the proper tuning of membership function parameters—typically optimized manually. This paper presents a novel Artificial Immune System framework for optimizing Fuzzy Backpropagation Neural Networks used in the classification of biological image data. The approach integrates a fuzzy min–max fuzzification layer with a feed‑forward backpropagation network and applies an optimization version of an Artificial Immune Network model, derived from opt‑aiNet, to tune trapezoidal membership functions. Experimental results confirm that the proposed immune‑driven optimization is an effective technique for enhancing FBNN robustness and generalization.

Biological studies of Cuminum cyminum plant on antibiotic resistant bacteria

AHMED YOUNIS TAYEB — 2026-01-02

The study was carried out to assess the quantity of plants, Cuminum cyminum for their microbial effects. The extracts were screened for their biological activities against bacterial pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Results showed that inhibition zone and MIC for Cuminum cyminum seed and leaves the inhibition zone and MIC in all extract It was resistant to bacteria. However the antimicrobial activity of leaves and seeds Cuminum cyminum and extracts was higher than that of antibiotic used against the tested microorganisms.

Characterizing Human Body Shadowing at 32.5 GHz Through Cylindrical Diffraction Theory

Ahmed Alabish — 2026-01-02

The advent of 5G networks has revolutionized wireless communications by unlocking unprecedented data rates through millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. However, the short wavelengths of mmWave signals (e.g., 32.5 GHz) make them highly vulnerable to obstructions, particularly human blockage, posing significant challenges for reliable link prediction and network planning. Existing models often oversimplify human-induced attenuation, limiting their accuracy in real-world scenarios. This work addresses this gap by proposing a cylindrical diffraction model to quantify human blockage effects at 32.5 GHz—the first application of such a model at this frequency. Through controlled experiments, we measured signal degradation as a human subject progressively blocked a 2-meter mmWave link, revealing a sharp decline in received power from −41.2 dBm (no blockage) to −69.7 dBm (full blockage). The cylindrical model demonstrated strong alignment with empirical trends, accurately capturing the nonlinear increase in attenuation as the human approached the line-of-sight path. Notably, the model matched baseline measurements within 1.4 dB and predicted full-blockage loss within 7 dB of observed values, despite inherent simplifications. This study underscores the efficacy of cylindrical modelling for mmWave blockage prediction while highlighting critical refinements needed for practical deployment, such as incorporating material properties and antenna radiation patterns. By bridging theoretical and empirical insights, our work provides a foundational framework for enhancing 5G/6G network resilience in human-dense environments, ensuring robust performance for high-data-rate applications.

Descriptive Cross-Sectional Assessment of Pharmacists' Knowledge and Involvement in Anti-Doping Initiatives in Sports in Albayda, Libya

Yahya Saber E. Mansour — 2026-01-02

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) reports that doping cases are continuously rising and the misuse of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) continues to be a significant issue globally. A large percentage of unintentional doping incidents are caused by athletes' ignorance of the substances they use. Healthcare professionals, including pharmacists, are crucial in reducing the possibility of accidental doping, even though athletes are ultimately accountable for the substances they take. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions on doping and anti-doping in sports. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 pharmacists in Albayda, Libya. A standardized 15-item questionnaire was used to collect data in order to evaluate pharmacists' knowledge and opinions regarding doping and anti-doping. Our findings revealed that only 7% of pharmacists were familiar with the term "doping," and a mere 1% had previously attended any formal trainings or lectures on the topic. Nevertheless, a significant majority (89%) concurred that utilizing banned substances in sports is both unethical and unjust. The awareness regarding the potential presence of prohibited substances in over-the-counter (OTC) medications and dietary supplements was limited to 22%. Additionally, merely 1% of the participants recognized the International Pharmaceutical Federation’s (FIP) official position concerning the involvement of pharmacists in anti-doping efforts. On a positive note, 90% of the participants indicated a strong desire to undergo formal training in the area of anti-doping, while 75% favored the development of sports pharmacy as a specialized discipline. These findings highlight a critical need for improved anti-doping education within pharmacy training programs to properly equip future pharmacists for their responsibilities in promoting clean and ethical sports.

Experimental Investigation of Enhancing Earthing Through Soil Treatment Using High Material Conductivity

Salah Mousa — 2026-01-02

This study presents an experimental investigation into enhancing grounding system performance through soil treatment using high-conductivity materials, focusing primarily on sodium chloride (NaCl) and bentonite. Test were conducted at a coastal site in Sabratha, Libya—characterized by high soil resistivity—the research evaluates the effectiveness of different NaCl layer thicknesses and parallel electrode configurations in reducing earthing resistance. Field measurements demonstrate that surrounding a vertical electrode with a 3-inch NaCl layer can reduce resistance by up to 73%, while combining multiple electrodes with NaCl treatment achieves reductions as high as 83%. Additionally, a comparative analysis with bentonite revealed that although both materials significantly lower resistance, NaCl proved more effective, achieving an 85.2% reduction versus 80.3% with bentonite. The results underscore the impact of ion-rich additives in improving soil conductivity and grounding efficiency, especially in dry or sandy environments. This paper offers practical guidance for engineers designing reliable and cost-effective grounding systems in challenging soil conditions, while also highlighting the need to consider long-term environmental and performance implications of chemical soil treatments.

The Evaluation of the Impact of IoT and AI: A Comprehensive SWOT Analysis in Economic, Environmental, and Healthcare Fields

Mabruka Ibrahim — 2026-01-02

Recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are being used in almost every aspect of the environment, economics, and society. This research aims to present a concise and thorough overview of the developments and future possibilities in the connection between AI technologies and the IOT, as well as its applications in the domains of healthcare, the environment, and the economy. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of AIoT-driven technologies as enablers or impediments to their applications in various fields have been identified through a series of SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analyses that follow a thorough review of the body of existing literature. The research identified a number of benefits of using AI in various domains, such as improved monitoring, higher efficiency in repetitive operations, and improved data processing skills. Nevertheless, shortcomings, including the high upfront installation costs and data security issues, were noted. Among the opportunities was AIoT's ability to save expenses and enhance results. Threats, including opposition to technology advancement and moral conundrums surrounding AIoT decision-making procedures, however, were identified as possible obstacles to effective implementation. The complex terrain of AIoT adoption in each of the aforementioned domains is clarified by this research. The promise of AIoT must be fully realized by carefully considering the dangers and vulnerabilities that have been found and aggressively looking for ways to integrate it seamlessly.

ImageJ (Fiji) as a free, useful tool for medical researchers and students; A review article

Ibrahim Mahmoud Alosta — 2026-01-02

Digital image processing is increasingly being used in a variety of industries, including food processing, medical science, particle technology, cement, and powder manufacturing. Medical image processing is a discipline in medical science that involves the use of technology to take images of the human body's interior in the least invasive way possible. As medical and biological sciences advance, imaging has become a more important discipline. One of the most useful programs is ImageJ, a public-domain Java image processing program inspired by NIH Image for the Macintosh. In this study, we demonstrated some, but not all, applications of ImageJ in the medical field and for medical and biological students that can be easily implemented in their institutions. One of these applications was bacterial cell counting, in which a microscopic image of

gram-stained bacterial cells was captured using a student's smartphone, treated with ImageJ, and the bacterial cells were easily counted automatically using ImageJ. The second application of ImageJ in this review was to calculate the antimicrobial zone of inhibition. We calculated the percentage of the inhibition zone for three different amoxicillin antibiotic brands using very simple steps. The third application of ImageJ was to analyze a CT scan brain images, and we were able to define the hemorrhage location. Finally, we demonstrated that this free software can estimate protein-protein colocalization. This technique is useful in many cell biological and physiological studies to demonstrate the relationship between pairs of biomolecules. In another example of co-localization, the researchers confirmed the SyGCaM2-mCherry sensor's presynaptic localization to hippocampal synapses, where it was co-localized with a bassoon (a presynaptic protein) in the stratum radiatum of area CA1. In general, ImageJ is a very useful, free program that can be used easily by specialized people and the beginner medical students.

Monte Carlo Simulations of the Electronic and Nuclear Stopping Powers of Light and Heavy Ions in Silicon Material

Saleh M. Ben Saleh — 2026-01-02

The stopping power of a material, resulting from the passage of charged particles through it, is an important topic in the fields of applied and industrial sciences. The Stopping power is defined as the amount of energy lost by a particle per unit length of its path through the medium. The process of energy loss for a charged particle passing through the target material must be achieved with high accuracy through direct practical measurements, Monte Carlo simulations or through theoretical calculations. This research provides insight into the stopping powers, projected ranges, longitudinal straggling and lateral straggling of different ions (boron, indium, arsenic, antimony and phosphorus) with energies of 10 KeV to 10 MeV, in silicon target using simulations with the program packages SRIM. In this study, these ions were chosen because they are the most common dopants in the manufacture of silicon semi-conductors. The results of the current study would be used for further research in the field of doping of semiconductor material with light and heavy ions.

Navigating the Evolving Landscape of Generative AI: ” Reality and challenges”

Malak Mohammed Alaqrabi — 2026-01-02

This study provides a comprehensive exploration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), focusing on its transformative applications, technical foundations, and critical challenges. Leveraging advanced models such as GANs, Stable Diffusion, and Mi journey, the research evaluates GenAI’s impact across healthcare, industry, and media, with particular emphasis on its performance in multimodal tasks. Experimental findings demonstrate the superiority of Language Bind in cross-modal synthesis and reveal a shared vulnerability of GenAI systems to noisy data, highlighting the need for robust training methods and improved resilience. In addition to technical performance, this study foregrounds the ethical and societal values essential to responsible GenAI deployment. Core values such as fairness, transparency, accountability, and sustainability are examined in relation to deepfake misuse, algorithmic bias, and data privacy concerns. The paper emphasizes that without proactive governance and inclusive design, GenAI risks amplifying existing inequalities and misinformation. Ultimately, the study presents actionable recommendations to guide value-aligned and socially responsible GenAI development, aiming to maximize its benefits while mitigating risks related to scalability, ethical integrity, and public trust.

Parameters Affecting Performance Of Arsenic Adsorbtion By Magnetic Graphene Oxide

Ali Ibrahim Sherlala — 2026-01-02

Water is the most essential substance for all life on earth and a precious resource for human civilization. Reliable access to clean and affordable water is considered one of the most basic humanitarian goals and remains a major challenge for the 21^st century. Adsorption is one of the most effective approach to clean water by removing toxic pollutants. Grapheme oxide/Iron oxides hybrid are recently used by few researchers for the purpose of removing arsenic from waste water

In this study, Magnetic grapheme oxide was synthesized by co-precipitation method and used as an adsorbent for arsenic removal from aqueous solution. The structures and properties of the grapheme oxide, magnetic grapheme oxide was investigated by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, FTIR. Batch laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate removal efficiency. Additionally, as (III) adsorption capacity of synthesized materials were studied. The highest percentage of removal is obtained between pH7.5 and 10.5.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Upper Cross Syndrome Among Physiotherapy Students at the University of Tripoli.

Ahlam Hassan Elkheshebi — 2026-01-02

Upper Cross Syndrome (UCS) is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by postural imbalances of the head, neck, and shoulders, often exacerbated by prolonged electronic device use and poor posture. This study aimed to determine nthe prevalence of UCS and its associated factors among physiotherapy students at the University of Tripoli. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to September 2024 among 126 physiotherapy students aged 20–25 years, using a self-administered questionnaire and clinical assessments including neck range of motion, wall and ruler test for forward head posture, and thumb test for rounded shoulders. Results revealed a high prevalence of UCS-related symptoms, with 50.8% reporting neck tension, 85% mild pectoral muscle stiffness, 46% forward head posture, and 44.4% rounded shoulders; moreover, 73.8% experienced headaches associated with device use or studying, and 89.7% reported pain during poor posture. Despite these findings, 57.7% did not seek treatment, while only 11.1% received physiotherapy. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant associations between device usage and pain type (p=0.041), as well as between neck tightness and pain (p=0.002). In conclusion, UCS is highly prevalent among physiotherapy students at the University of Tripoli, with poor posture and device usage as major contributing factors, underscoring the need for early intervention, postural education, and physiotherapy to prevent long-term musculoskeletal complications. These findings also highlight the importance of future longitudinal and interventional studies to further explore preventive and therapeutic strategies for UCS in student populations.

Studying the Existence of the Hidden Deadly Radioactive Radon Gas in Some Houses in Al-Ajilat City

Aliya Mohamed Kishada — 2026-01-02

This study was conducted to detect the presence of the hidden radioactive and deadly radon gas in 10 houses in Al-Zaramaqa area in the city of Al-Ajilat, using a solid-state device (RADEX MR107) for detecting the presence of this gas in buildings of various types. Through this study, the results showed that this gas is present in different proportions depending on the location and design of the building, as well as the type of building materials used in its construction, and the ventilation system employed in the area where the study was conducted. It was found that the radon values in the buildings under study ranged between 28 and 59 Bq/m³. It was also found that these values obtained fall below the dangerous and non-permissible values referred to by the World Health Organization, estimated at (200 Bq/m³) and therefore they are considered within the low risk levels. Lung cancer is one of the most serious consequences of exposure to this radioactive gas. Given the study's limited number of buildings and areas covered, it cannot be concluded that there are no other buildings in the city of Al-Ajilat with high radon concentrations.

Role of P.T in Rehabilitation of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome From physiotherapists prospective of view

Lutfia Ali Ellsahli — 2026-01-02

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a prevalent medical disorder characterized by numbness and pain and tingling in the hand and arm of the affected paten , CTS happens when the median nerve is compressed as it travels through the wrist.The current study aims at determining the physiotherapy methods that used in treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome as well as describing factors associated with carpal tunnel syndrome Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 194 physiotherapists who worked in government and private hospitals and clinics in Misurata city from November to May 2025, the data were collected using questionnaire to collect responses from the study population regarding the physiotherapy rehabilitation of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, based on insights drawn from various previous studies, a preliminary version of the questionnaire was designed. Results: The results indicated that physical therapy is the most commonly applied intervention for CTS cases, accounting for 50% of responses. Surgical treatment ranks second with 29.4%, while pharmacological treatment represents the least frequently used approach. In addition, the therapeutic methods adopted for the rehabilitation of CTS patients results reveal that therapeutic exercises are the most commonly used rehabilitation method, cited by 27.7% of respondents, this is followed by ultrasound therapy (21.1%). However, the electrical stimulation and therapeutic massage share an equal rate of 16.8% each. Laser therapy was reported by 9.5%, and the use of medical splints by 6.8%. Other less commonly mentioned techniques (1.3%) including cryotherapy, heat therapy, infrared radiation, and shockwave therapy. Moreover, the results indicated that the effectiveness of physical therapy in improving movement is perceived as "Effective" by the largest proportion of respondents (38.7%), followed by "Very effective" (36.1%), and "Moderate" (18.6%). Lower ratings included "Weak" (3.6%) and "Not effective" (3.1%), which were the least cited..Conclusion: Physiotherapy plays an important role in treatment and rehabilitation of CTS as well as combining physical therapy with other medical strategies can improve the outcomes of the patients.

Various Approaches to Addressing Unit Commitment Issues in Electric Power Plants

Rashed M Ahmed Marimi — 2026-01-02

In this work, the Unit Commitment (UC) problem has been investigated. In order to ensure that the demand for energy is constantly met at the lowest feasible cost, the challenge is in determining which subset of generating units within a power system is particularly effective. Additionally, heuristics, dynamic programming, and Lagrangian relaxation are some of the approaches that are being researched. The uniform convergence (UC) problem is characterized by a number of intrinsic complexities, and each of these techniques is designed to accommodate those complexities. There are a great number of operational restrictions that are responsible for these levels of complexity. These kinds of limitations include things like the requirements for the spinning reserve, the restraints on the thermal unit, the availability of fuel, and the emission regulations. The purpose of this research is to provide light on the effectiveness of a number of contemporary optimization approaches, including enumeration methods, integer programming, and evolutionary algorithms, among others. This research examined how a regional power system operated normally and under emergency situations by studying distribution of power loads alongside generator capacity as well as backup reserves and inter-regional power transfer. The analysis examined both major power plant outages which disrupt the system balance especially when units 7 and 8 fail and what happens when power demand exceeds capacity. The analysis demonstrated that the system has acceptable performance during regular operations but significantly depends on Southern region resources after unit failures cause reduced spinning reserves with substantial interchanges occurring. Tests of increased power demand confirmed that Eastern and Western regions faced essential power deficits reaching 650 MW. System reliability depends on proper distribution of generating sources combined with strategic reserve margin reinforcement together with improved power flow flexibility between regions.

Clinical Profile and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Syndrome: A Cohort Study at Souq Al-khamees Diabetic Center

Khayri F. Tuloubah — 2026-01-02

Background: Diabetic foot is one of the most significant complications of diabetes, defined by ulceration associated with peripheral arterial disease and neuropathy. These ulcers can lead to infections and are the most common cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations. In Libya, where diabetes prevalence is estimated at 16%, there is limited information regarding patient practices and risk factors regarding diabetic foot syndrome. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic foot syndrome among diabetic patients attending the Souq Alkhamees Diabetic Center in Alkhoms City, Libya. Methodology: This prospective study was conducted at the Souq Al-khamees Diabetic Center in collaboration with the Libyan Academy for Postgraduate Studies. The study enrolled 60 diabetic patients with a history of diabetic foot syndrome. Data collection involved acquiring demographic information, diabetes history, and specific foot complications. Results: The cohort was predominantly male (58.33%) and aged 40–79 years. Type II diabetes was present in 86.11% of participants, and glycemic control was notably poor, with 63.89% of patients having HbA1c levels above 8.0 mg/dl. Key clinical findings included: Neuropathy: 76.66% of participants exhibited sensory impairment, with 33.33% demonstrating a complete loss of protective sensation. Dermatological Status: 100% of patients presented with thick infected nails and skin dryness, while 47.22% had foot deformities. Ulcer Characteristics: 80% of participants had a current or historical ulcer. Of active ulcers, 64% were superficial, while 36% were deep, involving structures such as tendons or bones. Mobility: 70% of participants had restricted or absent ambulation. Conclusion: The study population presents a highly complex and aggressive form of diabetic foot disease, primarily driven by uncontrolled hyperglycemia and characterized by severe neuropathy and tissue compromise. The high prevalence of deep ulcers and infection necessitates a clinical management strategy focused on surgical intervention and aggressive offloading. Furthermore, strict glycemic control and patient education regarding foot care are essential to preventing further complications and amputation.

Enhancing Broadside Focusing in 6G Near-Field Communications Using HOBFs within UCCA

Gamal M. Alausta — 2026-01-02

The ability of antenna arrays to achieve sharp broadside focusing is pivotal for near-field communications in sixth-generation (6G) systems, where Extremely Large-Scale Antenna Arrays (ELAAs) are envisioned as a core technology. Although Uniform Concentric Circular Arrays (UCCAs) have been demonstrated to outperform conventional Uniform Circular Arrays (UCAs) in extending the near-field region-mainly by exploiting zero- and first-order Bessel functions-the role of higher-order Bessel functions has received limited attention. This paper introduces a comprehensive analytical framework that systematically incorporates HOBFs to refine the broadside focusing capability of UCCAs. Through mathematical derivations and numerical evaluations, it is shown that HOBFs contribute additional degrees of freedom for beam pattern control, leading to more accurate depth focusing, flexible beam shaping, and enhanced user separation. The analysis reveals that the integration of HOBFs significantly enlarges the Effective Rayleigh Distance (ERD) and reduces inter-user interference, thereby improving spatial resolution and system robustness. These findings highlight the potential of HOBF-assisted UCCAs as a cornerstone in designing near-field multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems for 6G. The proposed methodology provides theoretical insights and practical guidelines for future beamforming strategies aimed at overcoming the challenges of dense deployments, interference mitigation, and high-capacity demands.

NOVEL METHOD FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT RECOGNITION BASED ON SIGNAL PROCESSING AND NEURAL NETWORK

Abdulhamid. A. Abohagar — 2026-01-02

A novel hybrid method is presented in this paper, which involves the combination of radial basis function neural network RBFNN with discrete wavelet transform DWT. The proposed hybrid method specifically detects and distinguishes high-impedance fault HIF from other transient events, such as capacitor and load switching. A signal has been extracted using wavelet transform to acquire updated and accurate information from the current signal during the fault. The RBFNN classifier has been presented and used to detect and classify HIF from normal conditions to improve the protection scheme in terms of accuracy and computational time. The new approach provides a robust characterization and classification of different fault conditions in terms of a variety of fault resistance and fault location. The hybrid approach has been examined by performing extensive simulation studies, and the outputs are compared with the previous state of the art, which clearly shows the significance of the proposed method.

The location and duration of storage on the project site and their impact on the effectiveness of cement

محمد عبد القادر يوسف — 2026-01-02

As a result of cement produced at the factory arriving at the project site and being stored for several days or months, some of its properties may change due to the storage duration or the storage location. This paper conducted tests to determine the variation in strength properties due to the length and type of storage. When measuring the change in strength properties due to storage under different conditions at the project site and at different ages of cement, it was evident that a decrease in compressive strength due to aging (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 months) for each of the different storage conditions (normal and sealed). However, this was gained by performing compression tests on samples taken 3, 7, and 28 days after casting. The most significant result was a 46% decrease in the compressive strength of the cubes after 28 days for cement stored normally, compared to only about 25% for hermetically sealed cement. This latter type of storage (hermetically sealed storage) was comparable to the standard behavior of ordinary Portland cement as specified in the manufacturer's specifications and provided acceptable compressive strength for up to 3 months.

Nutritional Value and Elemental Analysis of Cynomorium coccineum L. Grown in Libya

Hanan S. Adem — 2026-01-02

The present study aims to determine the nutritional value of the powdered stems of Cynomorium coccineum L. grown in Libya, using standard analytical methods. The proximate analysis revealed the crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, moisture and carbohydrate content were 9.633 ± 0.205 %, 1.656 ± 0.004 %, 3.073 ± 0.12 %, 5.276 ± 0.016 %, 10.513 ± 0.026 % and 69.849 ± 0.074 %, respectively. The computed energy value was 332.834 ± 1.152 Kcal/g. The analysis of mineral elements showed that the plant stem contains high levels of calcium, sodium and potassium 19940 53 g/g, 2273 20 g/gand13840 g/g, respectively, and low levels of manganese, iron, copper, zinc and cobalt at 156 g/g, 124 g/g, 112 2.8 g/g, 54 g/g and 20 g/g respectively. The findings of the present study indicate that the plant's stem contains an appreciable amount of nutrients and mineral elements, and further supports its potential use in nutraceutical formulations.

Effect of soft soil on the engineering properties of sandy soil

جمال منصور الشريف — 2026-01-02

Improving the geotechnical properties of soil remains one of the primary challenges in the field of geotechnical engineering, particularly when designing structural foundations on sandy soils, which often exhibit low bearing capacity and limited support strength. This research paper aims to analyze the effect of adding fine soil in varying proportions (4%, 8%, and 16%) to sandy soil and to assess its impact on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. The objective is to enhance soil stability and load-bearing capacity, thereby improving the performance of foundations constructed on such soils. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on both the sandy soil and the fine soil additives. Physical tests on the sandy soil included sieve analysis, which classified the soil as silty sand (SM), in addition to specific gravity measurement. Mechanical tests included the Standard Proctor compaction test, which yielded a maximum dry density of 17 KN/m³, and the direct shear test, which was used to determine the angle of internal friction and cohesion. Compaction and shear tests were also conducted on the fine soil to determine its effect when blended with sandy soil. the results showed that the addition of 4% fine soil reduced the dry unit weight to 16.9 KN/m³, increased the internal friction angle to 35.678°, and yielded a cohesion value of 4.22 Kpa. When 8% fine soil was added, the dry unit weight remained at 17 KN/m³ (equal to the unmodified sandy soil), but the internal friction angle decreased to 32.639°, while cohesion increased to 17.947 kPa. With a 16% addition of fine soil, the dry unit weight significantly increased to 18.74 kN/m³, the internal friction angle rose to 34.11°, and cohesion reached 37.867 Kpa.

Water Productivity Functions and Water Consumption Indicators for Faba Bean under Deficit Irrigation Conditions

Ahmed Ibrahim Ekhmaj — 2026-01-02

This study aims to evaluate the deficit irrigation strategy as a means of managing irrigation water and improving its use efficiency in faba bean production. It investigates the effects of different irrigation water quantities on growth and productivity and estimates some economic indicators of water consumption. The experiment was conducted in the Al-Shatwia area, south of the city of Zawia, during the fall and winter seasons of 2023/2024, using a Line Source Sprinkler Irrigation system. Seven different water treatments were applied to experimental plots, each measuring 1.5 meter × 6 meter. The volumetric soil moisture content was estimated at the beginning and end of the season. Irrigation amounts were monitored using a Class A evaporation pan and the modified Hargreaves-Samani equation, in addition to using a TDR device to track moisture variations. The study included measuring the number of pods when they were full and moist, as well as both the wet and dry weights of the grains. The water production function (WPF), water use efficiency (WUE), and return per unit of water (WPy and WP_M) were estimated. The results showed that changes in irrigation water amounts led to a non-linear decrease in productivity. The highest average dry grain yield was 2.37 tons/hectare when 2,617.7 m³/hectare of irrigation water was applied. The optimal irrigation water values required to achieve the highest yield were determined to be 3,027.08, 2,674.5, and 2,494.5 m³/hectare for moist pods, wet grains, and dry grains, respectively. The study concluded that precise irrigation water management using deficit irrigation can enhance water use efficiency without significantly affecting productivity, thereby promoting the feasibility of this technique in areas with limited water resources.

STUDY ON ANTIBIOTICS AND THEIR DISPENSING CONTROL IN TRIPOLI PHARMACIES

Ashraf Fatah Alzalitini — 2025-12-01

This research paper is based on studying the method of dispensing different antibiotics in the Tripoli city that used in treatment of infection through pharmacies in Tripoli, meaning do you know which antibiotics are prescribed by a specialist doctor or are they dispensed without a medical classification and according to patient's request or are the two previously mentioned methods of dispensing antibiotics dependent ? Through this study, it is necessary to emphasize the dispensing of antibiotics in one way, which is the medical prescriptions approved by the specialist doctor after detected of bacterial infection or disease, and determined the legal and ethical responsibility for infringement these laws and warnings due to some antibiotics has bad action can range from headache and nausea to fever. Also the dispense of antibiotics without prescription and in random quantity increase the probability of bacterial resistant to antibiotic, this lead to decrease pharmacological activity of antibiotics .

A Study on the Prevalence and Management of Knee Joint Injuries Among Patients Attending Physiotherapy Centers in Misrata, Libya

Aymen M. Elgoneti — 2026-01-02

Background: The knee joint is among the most complex and heavily loaded joints in the human body, making it vulnerable to both acute and degenerative injuries. These injuries often impair mobility and quality of life, underscoring the importance of understanding their prevalence and management strategies.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, typologies of knee joint injuries, as well as the management strategies commonly adopted among patients attending physiotherapy centers in Misrata, Libya.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between January and June 2024 across public and private physiotherapy centers in Misrata. A structured and validated questionnaire was administered to 110 adult patients presenting with knee injuries. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28, employing descriptive statistics to summarize demographic, clinical, and management characteristics.

Results: Osteoarthritis was the most prevalent knee condition (55.5%), followed by ligament injuries (39.1%), meniscal tears (22.7%), and patellar fractures (8.2%). Females comprised 60% of the sample, and the most affected age group was 50–60 years (19.1%). Analgesic use before medical consultation was reported by 79.1% of participants, and 75.5% received physician-prescribed analgesics. Surgical intervention was advised for 60% of cases, with 50.9% undergoing surgery. Physiotherapy was initiated post-surgery in 59.1% of participants, and 88.2% reported functional improvement following physiotherapy.

Conclusion: Osteoarthritis and ligament injuries are the most common knee pathologies among physiotherapy patients in Misrata. Physiotherapy plays a pivotal role in rehabilitation and pain reduction, emphasizing its importance in comprehensive knee injury management.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of filtered drinking water purification systems in Janzour Municipality in eliminating intestinal parasites

Najat M. Al- Ghatmi — 2026-01-02

Provision safe drinking water is a fundamental public health priority. In recent years, filtered groundwater has become a widely used source of drinking water in Janzour Municipality. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of filtered drinking water purification systems in Janzour Municipality in eliminating intestinal parasites. The study's findings also serve to assure the local population about the safety and potability of the distributed water, contributing significantly to public health. To this end, 20 filtered drinking water samples were randomly collected from 20 groundwater treatment and filtration sites across the municipality. Approximately two liters of water were collected per site using clean, sterile plastic bottles. Following collection, the sample were placed in a refrigerated container and immediately transported to the laboratory at the Center for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention in Tripoli for analysis. Microscopic examination confirmed that none the samples contained intestinal parasite stages. These results demonstrate that the drinking water purification system in Janzour Municipality is highly effective in eliminating intestinal parasite contamination not only immediately after filtration but also during the storage and distribution phases. The system follows a well-designed, fully enclosed process from initial filtration through to final delivery, ensuring the continued safety and potability of the treated water.

Performance Assessment and Computer Simulation of the M-ary QAM Modulation Scheme

Amaal O. Althini — 2026-01-02

The most important issue in digital communication system is to receive data as similar as the data sent from the transmitter with a high speed using less channel bandwidth. This means that it is important to test the systems in terms of probability of error to view the system's performance. Each modulation technique has different performance while dealing with signals, which normally are affected with noise. One of digital modulation scheme is used is known as an M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-ary QAM) .In this paper performances investigation and computer simulation of M –ary QAM has been carried out for different number of levels symbols using powerful scientific software known as a Matlab with Simulink V. 2018. When increasing the number of levels, the simulated result, show that the bit error rate (BER) decrease but generally M-ary QAM is more bandwidth efficient than other M- ary modulation systems types.

The Role of Physicians and Pharmacists in Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs and How to Control Antibiotics Bacterial Resistance

Ahmad Ajdidi — 2026-01-02

Background: Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious global health threats of the 21st century, leading to higher mortality rates, prolonged illness, and increased healthcare costs. This crisis is primarily driven by the misuse of antibiotics, lack of awareness, and suboptimal prescribing practices. In response, Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) have emerged as a key strategy to reduce bacterial resistance by promoting the rational use of antibiotics. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the role of physicians and pharmacists in ASPs and how their actions influence the appropriate use of antibiotics and help combat resistance. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a paper-based questionnaire distributed to 207 healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, and laboratory technicians, across healthcare institutions in Tripoli and surrounding areas between May 24 and June 19, 2023. The collected data revealed varying levels of knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic use, highlighting the need for improved awareness and continuous professional education. research emphasizes the complementary roles of physicians and pharmacist in the successful implementation of ASPs and advocates for multidisciplinary collaboration, enforcement of local and international policies, and the adoption of evidence-based strategies to tackle the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is a critical strategy in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in healthcare settings with limited resources. This cross-sectional study examined the engagement, knowledge, and perceptions of healthcare professionals including physicians, pharmacists, and laboratory staff toward AMS practices in a multidisciplinary context. Results: Showed high overall participation in stewardship activities, with 70% of respondents involved in decision-making processes. However, a significant portion (30%) remained uninvolved, pointing to possible gaps in communication or institutional structure. Conclusion: The majority of participants (74.6%) acknowledged a perceived decline in antibiotic effectiveness, underscoring the urgency of addressing AMR. Although interest in research was limited, the expressed demand for further training—particularly in the safe use of antibiotics and resistance mechanisms—suggests a strong potential for capacity building.

The Impact of Quality Training Programs on Sustainable Development A Case Study on the Misurata Operations Management of the Brega Oil Marketing Company

Mohamed Alhadi Mohamed Khalil — 2026-01-02

The quality of training programs is a fundamental issue for organizations. They develop training programs that keep pace with developments and aim to bring the trainee or training results to a distinguished level, in line with work requirements, as well as contributing to achieving development goals in communities. The research aimed to evaluate the reality of the quality of the training system for employees and its relationship to sustainable development, a case study of the Misurata Operations Department of the Brega Oil Marketing Company, where the estimates and expectations of trainees in that institution were identified and the extent of their impact on sustainable development in the surrounding environment, as well as reaching suggestions or setting specific recommendations to overcome the obstacles or difficulties that may face the organization under study. Data were collected from a stratified sample consisting of a group of leading employees representing office managers, department heads, and supervisors in the organization. 15 questionnaires were obtained, suitable for statistical analysis and representative of the research community. They were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-20) in order to arrive at the research results. The research concluded with certain results, including: the lack of a clear impact of the training program on exploiting natural resources in a more sustainable manner in the surrounding environment, as well as the poor position of the company’s policy in terms of searching for training programs that are characterized by appropriate quality and serve practical reality.Based on these results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations aimed at focusing on training programs and their positive impact on sustainable development in the environment or surrounding community.

The Role of Modern Technologies in Infection Control in Health Buildings

Tasneem Mohammed R Aljard — 2026-01-02

This research will assess the effectiveness of modern technologies in preventing infections in health-care buildings in Libya with regard to the degree to which these structures conform to international best practice. The study employed an evaluation of checklists and questionnaires targeting healthcare facility managers, engineers, and infection control supervisors to gather field data Descriptive analytical techniques were used to analyze the data obtained. Statistical techniques were employed to extract design and technological deficiencies that prevent the development of a secure climate within the healthcare setting.

The findings showed that there were severe shortcomings in the application of design standards, including the selection of healthcare building sites that are not near pollution sources and designing internal circulation routes so that the interaction between patients and staff is minimal. Furthermore, it was revealed that there was a very low level of utilization of advanced technologies like smart ventilation, sanitization technologies, and antimicrobial finishing technologies. These shortcomings affect healthcare buildings’ capacity to lower infection rates as well as protect patients and health care staff.

Accordingly, the following practical recommendations were given by the study: The design of healthcare buildings should be improved to conform to international standards, the technology of ventilation and sanitization in healthcare facilities should be advanced, and there is need for training programs to educate workers and designers on infection control. The study also suggested the improvement of the institutions and regulations that would foster the use of the said standards and technologies.

This work focuses on the significance of combining architectural design with technologies in the course of enhancing the quality of the healthcare setting. But it also recommended that more research be done to provide strategies that are more specific about local issues and conditions. It is hoped that these findings and recommendations will benefit decision makers and engineers in designing safer and more efficient health care facilities.

Barriers Affecting the Laboratory Accreditation (Case Study: Laboratories of Libyan Polymer Research Center)

Manal Ahmed Elgadi — 2026-01-02

This paper highlights the difficulties encountered in establishing a quality management system at the Libyan Center for Plastics Research, specifically during the initial implementation of ISO 17025 in the center's laboratories. The study considers the perspectives of laboratory staff, including managers, department and office heads, laboratory supervisors, equipment operators, researchers, and technicians. A questionnaire was developed to collect data from the study sample, containing questions that reflect the study's hypotheses. The questionnaire targeted the aforementioned groups to identify the strengths and weaknesses encountered in implementing the standard's provisions and to propose solutions that would overcome these obstacles and achieve the system's success, ultimately leading to laboratory accreditation. The descriptive analytical statistical method was adopted using the statistical program (Statistics Package for Social Science SPSS) to conduct appropriate statistical tests on the questionnaires, which numbered about twenty-seven people, representing 31% of the study population.

The results revealed shortcomings in meeting some of the standard's requirements, specifically weaknesses in the maintenance and calibration program and other administrative and organizational procedures within the laboratories, including occupational safety. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is improving the efficiency of equipment operators through regular training courses. The study also recommended streamlining administrative procedures to facilitate the application of ISO 17025 in the center's laboratories.

An enhanced Web Application Firewall Security for real-time DDOS detection using Deep Learning and integrating LSTM models into Modsecurity Firewall

Haithem Ali Alghazzawi — 2026-01-02

Web applications are the backbone of most digital online services, whereby clients communicate with the server, and enormous amounts of sensitive data are processed in real-time. Consequently, sensitive information may be compromised or become vulnerable to several threats, or it may disrupt information availability, which directly threatens Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability, causing financial loss, legal consequences, erosion of user trust, or business discontinuity. Based on recent statistics, DDoS attacks represent 61% of web attacks, while traditional web application firewall capabilities haven’t met modern environment needs to effectively and successfully protect web-based applications from DDoS attacks. Therefore, an enhanced WAF is proposed to protect an organization’s web applications and their resources from DDoS attacks. A deep learning approach using an LSTM model (DDoS detection layer) positioned beside the WAF to enhance its capabilities for real-Time DDoS detection. This layer analyzes all incoming traffic to identify the abnormal requests and then feeds its output to the WAF, helping the WAF respond only to legitimate traffic. Thus, both the DDoS layer and the WAF work together to detect and block DDOS attack. The integrated system was tested using evaluation metrics such as accuracy and loss. The results show the ability of the system to process 500–800 requests per second, had a 2–5 ms average response time, and consumed a low amount of computing resources (50–80 MB memory, 10–15% CPU). The drop in the throughput around 20% (to 400–600 req/s), an increase in latency up to 20–30 ms, a rise in memory usage up to 200–300 MB, and a CPU consumption of 25–40%. The tradeoff was very much worth it because the integration resulted in a significant improvement in detection and security overall efficiency. The experimental results provide evidence that the proposed LSTM models led to a better enhancement in the detection capabilities of the WAF systems over the traditional methods. This approach represents a highly important and practical method of relying upon deep learning for traditional WAF system

Comparative Application of Artificial Neural Networks and ANFIS Techniques for Short-Term Load Forecasting in the Western Libyan Power Grid

Naji Eltawil — 2026-01-02

The stability and economic efficiency of modern power systems rely profoundly on accurate short-term load forecasting (STLF). This investigation presents a comparative assessment of two artificial intelligence methodologies,Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for STLF within the Western Libyan power grid. This network operates under considerable strain from extreme climatic conditions and infrastructural limitations, which introduce pronounced volatility and non-linearity into load patterns. Leveraging a comprehensive 2023 dataset from the General Electricity Company of Libya (GECOL), which integrates historical load data with critical meteorological variables, two models in MATLAB were developed and simulated. The findings reveal a decisive superiority of the ANFIS model, which achieved a remarkable average forecasting error of just 0.50%, starkly contrasting with the ANN model's error of 8.37%. This performance is attributed to the ANFIS architecture, which effectively marries the adaptive learning capabilities of neural networks with the transparent, rule-based reasoning of fuzzy logic. This synergy renders ANFIS an exceptionally accurate tool for short-term load forecasting in complex and uncertain environments like Libya.

Comparative Analysis of LSTM Architectures for Crime occurrence time prediction

Khawla Hasan Almahjoub — 2026-01-02

Crime prediction has gained increasing attention due to the growing availability of historical crime data and the need for data-driven decision-making in public safety. This study presents a comparative analysis of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architectures for predicting the exact occurrence time of crimes based on temporal patterns. Three LSTM-based models are evaluated: Vanilla LSTM, Stacked LSTM, and Bidirectional LSTM.

The proposed approach integrates time-based features and lag features to capture temporal dependencies within crime data. Model performance is assessed using standard regression metrics, including Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). Experimental results indicate that deeper LSTM architectures combined with temporal lag information improve prediction accuracy compared to the baseline model.

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of LSTM-based models for crime occurrence prediction and provides insights into selecting suitable deep learning architectures for time-series crime analysis, supporting the development of more reliable tools for proactive crime prevention.

Evaluation and Detection of Osteoporosis among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients by Dual -enegy x-ray Absorpotiometry (Dexa)

Liala T. Elessawi — 2026-01-02

The Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is a pivotal diagnostic tool for detecting osteoporosis and monitoring treatment response, due to its speed and wide availability, measurement accuracy, and low radiation exposure. Early detection of osteoporosis in patients can reduce the incidence of fractures, worsening of the disease, and high economic burdens on individuals and health systems. This research aims to highlight the vital role of DXA in the detection of osteoporosis in rheumatoid patients, and to explore the main causes that have a significant role in the progression of the osteoporosis stage.

This study included a group of rheumatic patients with osteoporosis, of both sexes, approximately between the ages of 30 and 80 years. The total number of samples reached 40 patients, where part of the images were obtained from patients who were photographed during their visit to the clinics (Al-Diqqa Clinic, Clinic Al-Masarra, The Advance center for medical imaging ), while the rest of the data were collected from the patients who had pictures and results of tests ready.

Through the research, we found that females are more likely to develop osteoporosis than males, because the percentage of mineral density in women is lower than in males in all locations, in addition to the increase in the incidence rate with age. We also noted an association between low vitamin D levels and an increased risk of osteoporosis (P<0.01), as the level of vitamin D in patients with osteoporosis decreases with age. Conclusions: DEXA plays an important role in evaluating osteoarthritis, especially in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It is the gold standard for diagnosing osteoarthritis and improving the chances of predicting fracture risks and evaluating treatment by providing information about bone density, quality and strength.

Novel Materials and Composites for Enhanced Radiation Shielding Applications

Hanan Husayn Abraheem — 2026-01-02

Requirements for new advanced radiation shielding materials are rising on the account of their importance in nuclear, industrial and medical applications. Conventional materials, including lead, can be effective, but have significant disadvantages in terms of toxicity, weight and process ability. In this study, the novel material and composition having better shielding effectiveness and overcoming the shortcomings of the conventional shield are investigated. The present materials composed of high-Z formal elements, a polymer composite and nano materials, have greater attenuation properties, reduced weight, and are more ecologically preferable. This work reports on the production of new nature-friendly nanocomposite materials based on polymers and high atomic number (Z) elements for radiation shielding purposes, which is found to provide us with a basic source of right radiation diagnoses.

Spectroscopic and Hydrogeochemical Analysis of Heavy Metal and Ion Transport in Tripoli's Suburban Aquifers

Amal Boker — 2026-01-02

This study comprehensively investigates the physicochemical characteristics and contamination levels of groundwater from wells of varying depths across four suburban areas in Tripoli. Utilizing advanced atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy, we precisely quantified heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As) and major cations (Na, Ca, K) to evaluate water quality and associated health risks. Our results indicate significant element concentration variations, with a statistically supported correlation between well depth and contaminant levels, shaped by the region’s unique hydrogeological features. Notably, elevated heavy metal and ion concentrations in shallower wells frequently surpassed WHO and Libyan safety standards. These findings establish a vital baseline for ongoing environmental surveillance and underscore the need for developing predictive physics-based models for contaminant transport in local aquifers. This research provides an integrated spectroscopic and hydrogeochemical perspective essential for environmental management.

Study of Conformity Assessment in Libya, with Insights from the Cement Industry

Abdelrazak Ben Jaber — 2026-01-02

This study examines the current state of conformity assessment (CA) in Libya, with a specific focus on the cement manufacturing sector as a case study. Conformity assessment, encompassing testing, inspection, certification, and accreditation, plays a critical role in ensuring product quality, safety, and market access. Libya faces challenges in implementing effective CA practices, hindering its economic diversification. This research evaluates stakeholder awareness, infrastructure adequacy, legal/institutional frameworks, and alignment with international standards using a mixed-methods approach. A stakeholder survey (N=54) and qualitative analysis of Libyan legal and regulatory documents were employed. Key findings reveal nominal CA awareness (82.69%), yet practical implementation gaps exist due to inadequate infrastructure (18.8% of respondents citing this as an obstacle), weak enforcement (18.8%), and limited technical expertise. The cement sector showed low Quality Management Systems (QMS) adoption (48%) and inconsistent adherence to the Libyan Portland Cement Standard LNS 340:2009. While support for aligning with international standards is strong (average rating 4.04/5), obstacles like lack of awareness (31.1%) and technical expertise (30.2%) impede progress. The study proposes actionable recommendations to strengthen Libya’s CA system, including developing a unified national framework, investing in accredited laboratories, and promoting collaboration.

Topological Spaces Associated with Finite Divisor Graphs

Osama AB. M. Shafah — 2026-01-02

The aim of this paper is to represent a bitopological representation of divisor graph defining in a finite commutative rings in which every vertex is adjacent with a vertex if and only if . Then some properties of this bitopological space were investigated.

Urban Design as an Approach to Enhance Social and Environmental Interaction: The Rehabilitation of Tripoli Zoo Park

Heba Omar Ismael — 2026-01-02

Zoos play a fundamental role at the global level, serving as educational, cultural, and environmental tools that enhance understanding of the relationship between humans and the animal world and nature. With current environmental challenges such as the deterioration of natural habitats, climate change, and increasing rates of species extinction for animals, these zoos have transformed from mere entertainment venues to important platforms for preserving biodiversity and raising community awareness about the importance of protecting the environment and living organisms. This requires attention to the design contents to create suitable spaces for all, supportive of attracting visitors and enhancing social interaction effectively. The Tripoli Zoo faced a set of challenges that negatively affected its functional, social, and environmental performance, due to the absence of modern design standards. The zoo design suffers from several problems including access and paths that do not encourage interaction and learning, a lack of educational and guidance information about animals, and overcrowding due to the scarcity of spaces allocated to visitors during peak times. This paper evaluated the current situation of the Tripoli Zoo, analysed the challenges it faces, and assessed the efficiency of urban spaces within it. It also concluded with proposals for the rehabilitation of the zoo based on urban design principles to improve social interaction and achieve environmental sustainability. The study also seeks to provide sustainable design solutions. The analysis results showed clear gaps in design and functional elements, and proposals for the rehabilitation of each area were presented based on the adopted reference model. The study recommends the necessity of adopting international standards and indicators when developing urban zoos in Libya, in order to achieve a sustainable educational, recreational, and interactive environment. The research results are embodied in providing an integrated design vision for the rehabilitation of the Tripoli Zoo, contributing to its transformation into a leading canter for education and recreation that ensures positive interaction between humans and nature, and responds to the needs of the local community and visitors alike.

Creating a Database Model for Road Projects in the City of Bani Walid Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Asmail Godan Naiel — 2026-01-02

The study aims to utilize Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology and applications to develop a system for documenting and compiling road data for the city of Bani Walid and archiving it electronically. It also seeks to convert all paper-based data into digital data in the form of interactive maps, as well as to benefit from this technology in creating interactive maps that help and facilitate the concerned authorities in accessing information about each road quickly and accurately, without the need to search for each road individually among a large collection of documents.

After conducting research and visiting the relevant authorities, the data obtained was found to be limited and scattered across several sources. A database for the city was created using ArcGIS 10.3, and the data was entered, processed, and analyzed. The roads in the city were then classified functionally according to the Libyan Road Engineering Design Standards issued by the Roads and Bridges Authority. The results were presented in an interactive map showing the type of each road, which facilitates a better understanding and more effective management of the road network.

An interactive map was also created to display the pavement condition index (PCI) for each road, using colors to indicate the condition level of each road: Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, Very Poor, Serious, and Failed. This interactive map will enable the concerned authorities to quickly understand the condition of the city's road network, eliminating the need for manual searches through documents or checking each road individually. This approach saves time and effort and makes the monitoring process more efficient.

The study presents several recommendations, the most important of which are: expanding this database to include all roads in the city, increasing the availability of data, abandoning paper-based archiving and replacing it with electronic archiving through GIS programs to preserve the data, facilitate access to it among relevant authorities, and benefit from the technology’s ability to store large amounts of data in an organized and well-structured manner without loss or damage.

Evaluation of natural radioactivity in ceramic and porcelain samples using a high-purity germanium detector (HPGe)

Fadel Al-Sharif — 2026-01-02

This study was conducted to determine the natural radioactivity concentrations of 30 different commercial samples of ceramic and porcelain tiles using gamma ray spectrometry with a high-purity germanium detector. The results of the study showed that the natural radioactivity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K ranged from 34.181 Bq/kg to 143.49 Bq/kg, 25.132 Bq/kg to 93.426 Bq/kg, and 251.40 Bq/kg to 1283.74 Bq/kg, respectively. The radiation hazards resulting from natural radiation exposure of the samples were evaluated by calculating the radium equivalent, the airborne absorbed dose, the annual effective dose, and the outdoor and indoor hazard index. The radium-226 equivalent activity (Ra_eq) was calculated, and the calculated values were lower than the OECD recommended value of 370 Bq/kg. The results also showed that the absorbed dose rate values for all samples were higher than the internationally recommended value of 55 nGy/h. The annual effective dose rate values for all studied samples were lower than the recommended value of 1 (mSv)/y. The results showed that the external hazard index (H_ex) values were within the internationally recommended value, i.e., less than one, while the internal hazard index (H_in) values for a Saudi-made porcelain sample, as well as some ceramic samples imported from Algeria and Tunisia, were higher than one.

A Study of the Behavior of Steel and Composite Structures under Fire Influence and Methods of Protecting Them

Hanan Nouri Al-Akkary — 2026-01-02

This study highlights the behavior of structural steel under fire conditions, analyzing the impact of temperatures on its mechanical and thermal properties. The research found that elevated temperatures significantly reduce steel's strength and modulus of elasticity, leading to compromised load-bearing capacity and potential structural failure in severe fires. The results demonstrate that traditional protective measures, such as reflective coatings and insulation, effectively minimize damage and delay the loss of structural integrity. Modern solutions further enhance steel's fire resistance and improve its performance during emergencies. The study emphasizes risk management and the design of fire-resistant structures to ensure the safety of occupants and property. Based on experimental and numerical models, the finding recommend the development of integrated protective technologies that increase the steel's resilience to prolonged heat exposure, fostering sustainability and flexibility in structural applications.

A Comparative Analysis of CNN and CRNN Models for Home Emergency Sound Detection

AML F. ELLAFI — 2025-12-01

The rise in single-person households underscores the critical need for reliable, privacy-preserving home monitoring systems. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study between a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN) for detecting domestic emergency sounds. A robust pipeline was implemented, involving the curation of a balanced dataset of normal and emergency sounds, extensive data augmentation, and feature extraction using Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs). Counter to the theoretical expectation that CRNNs would excel at modeling temporal audio patterns, our experimental results demonstrate the clear superiority of the CNN model. The CNN achieved a remarkable accuracy of 98% and a weighted F1-score of 0.98, outperforming the CRNN (95% accuracy). Furthermore, the CNN exhibited faster convergence, greater training stability, and superior generalization. These findings indicate that for short-duration, spectrally distinct emergency sounds, the spatial feature extraction of CNNs is not only sufficient but more effective than explicit temporal modeling with CRNNs. The study concludes that the CNN architecture is the optimal choice for developing efficient and reliable audio-based emergency detection systems for resource-constrained smart home environments.

Application of Physics in Enhancing Sports Performance and Equipment Design

Zuhor Farag — 2025-12-01

This study investigates the application of physics in enhancing sports performance and improving equipment design. It addresses the research gap in linking fundamental physical laws with measurable performance outcomes. A systematic literature review of studies from 2000–2024 was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and IEEE Xplore. The review focused on biomechanics, aerodynamics, torque, angular momentum, and material innovations. Findings reveal that physics-based interventions can increase performance efficiency by up to 15% in specific sports contexts while also reducing injury risk. The paper provides practical, data-driven recommendations for coaches, engineers, and sports scientists, reinforcing the requirement for interdisciplinary approaches to performance enhancement and safety optimization.

This research emphasizes the essential role of physics in sports, showing how principles like Newton’s laws of motion, friction, torque, and the Magnus effect influence athletic performance, equipment design, and injury prevention. Integrating physics into sports fosters improved results, greater safety, precision, and training efficiency, contributing to the growing body of interdisciplinary work connecting science and sports innovation.

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) in Libya’s Oil and Gas Industry: Current Status, Future Prospects, and Challenges

Madi Abdullah Naser — 2025-12-01

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) represents a critical pathway for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in resource-dependent economies such as Libya. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of CCUS development within Libya’s oil and gas sector by integrating global technological advancements with national geological, infrastructural, and policy realities. The study examines major CO₂ capture techniques, utilization routes, including Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), chemical conversion, and synthetic fuel production, and long-term storage options in depleted fields and saline aquifers. It also evaluates ongoing national initiatives, notably the Structures A & E offshore development and the Bouri Gas Utilization Project, which signal emerging interest in CCS/CCUS integration. Key barriers, including limited infrastructure, high capital costs, insufficient regulatory frameworks, and low public awareness, are critically analyzed. Drawing on successful international case studies from Norway, the United States, and the UAE, the paper proposes actionable strategies tailored to Libya’s context. The findings highlight that CCUS could significantly reduce emissions, enhance energy security, extend the life of mature oil fields, and support economic diversification. By combining global insights with local assessments, this review outlines a practical roadmap for advancing CCUS in Libya and contributing to a sustainable, low-carbon future for its oil and gas industry.

Controls on Hydrocarbon Generation from Eocene Source Rocks in the Ash Shulaydimah Trough, NE Libya

Hassan S. Hassan — 2025-12-01

In north-eastern Libya, the Eocene succession within the Ash Shulaydimah Trough is not well understood with respect to its potential as a source rock for petroleum, despite the presence of organic-rich shale layers. The geological and geochemical characteristics of the source rocks of the Eocene period in the Ash Shulaydimah trough have been studied, with particular attention to the Lower shale and the Eocene Antelat formation. The assessment is conducted by re-evaluating existing pyrolysis and total organic carbon (TOC) Rock-Eval data from numerous exploration wells. The data is combined with information from burial history analysis, stable isotope data, observations of the rock's texture, information about the environment in which the rocks were formed and a stratigraphic analysis.

Bayesian Estimation for the Parameters of the Cosine Inverse Log Compound Rayleigh Distribution

Marwah Ahmed Aefa — 2025-12-01

In this paper, we consider the Bayesian estimation of the parameters and reliability function for a Cosine inverse log compound Rayleigh distribution under squared error and squared logarithmic loss functions. We use Lindley’s approximation to compute the Bayesian estimates. This method is evaluated using mean square error through simulation study with varying sample size.

Evaluation of some agricultural by product/wastes for adsorption of nitrite ions from water

Fatima Alkogy — 2025-12-01

Adsorption technology is one of the most widely used techniques to remove pollutants from water using adsorbents derived from agricultural residues. This technology is characterized by high efficiency and low cost. In this study, olive waste cake and coffee granulate were treated with NaOH and then used to remove nitrite ions (NO₃^- ) from aqueous solutions. The characterization study of the adsorbents was carried out using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of important factors on the adsorption process, such as shaking time, initial concentration of NO₃^-and the amount of adsorbents were investigated. The remaining concentration in the treated solutions were analyzed by a UV spectrophotometer. Results indicated that the best adsorption conditions were pH 3, NO₃^-initial concentration 70 mg/l, adsorption time 90 min, and 0.3 g of adsorbent amount. The maximum adsorption capacity of coffee waste and olive cake was found to be 12.7 and 12.66 mg/g, respectively