Academy Journal for Basic and Applied Sciences

Analytic Modeling to Study the Insolation Heat Gain of Semi Insulated Building in Hot Climate

2025-06-01T05:14:27+00:00

Countries located in temperate, hot and arid climates, such as Libya, face the critical need to cool houses whose internal temperatures rise due to these climatic conditions. This can be achieved by employing proper insulation techniques to prevent heat gain from solar radiation (insolation). This paper addresses the impact of not implementing thermal insulation for the roof of a building, in contrast to other external parts of the structure. The temperature distribution in a single-story building was studied using finite element analysis (FEA), along with how the building absorbs heat from its surroundings during a sunny day. The thermal analysis was conducted on a 3D concrete building with walls made of concrete masonry blocks, a floor height of 3.20 meters, and a total area of 40 square meters, using ANSYS 2020 R2 software. The building model includes thermal insulation for the external envelope, but the roof and openings remain uninsulated (as is often the case with home insulation practices in Libya). The finite element method is widely used due to its high effectiveness in simulation and achieving accurate results. The analysis results demonstrated the heat distribution gained from insolation, as well as variations in the rates of heat transfer from the building's exterior to its interior. The findings showed that neglecting the thermal insulation of the roof and window openings leads to an approximate 70% increase in the building's internal temperature. Furthermore, the results clearly indicated that insulating the building's walls alone is insufficient to prevent overheating. This provides a sufficient understanding of the prioritization required in applying insulation layers for buildings located in hot climates.

Calculation of the values of the constants of Pelofsky’s equation and comparison with their practical values for certain polymer solutions

2025-06-01T16:49:07+00:00

This study investigates the applicability of Pelofsky's equation to nine polymer aqueous solutions, including Carboxymethyl cellulose, Polyanionic cellulose, Polyacrylamide, Polyvinylalcohol, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polyethylene glycol with varying molecular weights. The viscosity and surface tension of these solutions were experimentally determined. The constants A and B of Pelofsky's equation were calculated, but the predicted values did not match the experimental results obtained from the slope of the Ln(ɣ) graph. This discrepancy is attributed to the empirical nature of the equation. Future research can explore the applicability of Pelofsky's equation to a broader range of polymer solutions and examine its compatibility with the relationship between viscosity and surface tension

Complexity Reduction with High Throughput M-Parallel Successive Cancellation Decoding

2025-06-01T16:54:42+00:00

According to the strategy of SC decoding where its performance is limited by the bit by bit decoding, correcting the bit that wrongly determined in the future decoding procedure becomes impossible. In this paper we proposed a new technique to correct wrongly determined bits in direct through decoding operations; the error propagation can also be directly corrected. The enhanced version of successive cancellation decoding is proposed to improve its performance for any code-length. This technique called multi-parallel SCD can provide a significant complexity reduction by avoiding unnecessary path searching operations. Furthermore, only undetectable bits (lost bits) over successive cancellation decoder are taken into consideration for path searching operations. The proposed algorithm that is applied into each decoder arranged directly over M-parallel SCD through processing operation by taking both possibilities in decision of wrongly determined bits (zero or one) . Multi-parallel SCD technique is a self-correcting path searching track that illustrate a significant decoding performance with low complexity over Binary Erasure Channel (BEC).

Comprehensive Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Locally Consumed Tomato Paste in Libya

2025-06-01T17:02:15+00:00

The problems of food pollution have become a major threat to human society. Evaluation of the pollution status of canned food provides a reference for further work to reduce the risk of heavy metal pollution. In this case, the tomato paste product consumed in Libya and imported from abroad, was selected as a case study. This study assesses the occurrence and levels of heavy metals (zinc, lead, cadmium, iron, and copper) in canned and bottled tomato paste. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for quantitative analysis. A thorough sample preparation technique was employed, incorporating drying, digestion with nitric and sulfuric acids, and dilution to guarantee uniformity and precision. The results indicated a broad spectrum of heavy metal concentrations: zinc levels varied from 0.00 ± 0.00 to 2.41 ± 0.03 mg/kg, lead from 0.00 ± 0.00 to 1.66 ± 0.01 mg/kg, Cadmium from 0.00 ± 0.00 to 0.62 ± 0.01 mg/kg, iron from 1.36 ± 0.02 to 38.20 ± 1.60 mg/kg, and copper from 0.00 ± 0.00 to 0.62 ± 0.01 mg/kg.

Although the safety levels set by Libyan and international norms, samples displayed heavy metal concentrations surpassing permitted limits. The elevated quantities of these metals were associated with causes including environmental pollution from dirty irrigation water, soil deterioration, and processing conditions, which may involve leaching from packaging materials.

The levels of heavy metals pollution, in this study, showed that it is necessary to pay attention to the health risks of heavy metals and establish stringent quality control protocols throughout the manufacturing chain.

DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VOICE AGENT With case study (Libyan Voice Assistant)

2025-06-01T17:10:35+00:00

The paper presents the creation of an end-to-end voice assistant system designed for a lesser-resourced dialect of Arabic, Libyan Tripolitanian, which does not receive local support in commercial ASR and NLP applications. To remediate this lack, we built a demographically balanced and phonemically rich corpus of speech data containing over 13,000 audio samples. It contains both natural and semi-structured utterances and is annotated using the CODA* orthography for dialectal Arabic. Using this dataset, we trained the OpenAI Whisper model with the Hugging Face Transformers, achieving a WER (Word Error Rate) reduction of 2.045 → 0.040. To assist in managing smartphone commands and having simple conversations in Tripolitanian Arabic, the ASR output is passed to a Rasa-based chatbot that is trained on intent-annotated queries. The chatbot was able to perform with 100% intent accuracy and a 0.998 entity F1-score. This modular pipeline is confirmed by evaluation results on standard ASR and NLU metrics. These findings show that it is possible to create high-performance, specific voice interfaces based on training for specific dialect inquiry through domain-adapted training, data augmentation, and system integration. Future expansions include extending the dataset to suit use in speech synthesis in the Libyan dialect and broader Libyan dialect support.

Digital Pathology. Role of molecular diagnostics in cancers; multiple immunohistochemistry

2025-06-01T18:01:39+00:00

Multiplexed platforms have become a standard feature of modern medicine in the field of histopathology in recent years. They have evolved into powerful technologies that enable image analysis of tumor tissues from formalin- fixed paraffin- embedded specimens, aiming for better assessment of morphology and distinctive alterations at the molecular level of the patient’s sample, which is critical for the pathologist’s diagnosis and classification, with significant implications for the following therapeutic options. And also, in order to gain a better understanding of the tumor microenvironment, which aids cancer prevention by simulating new therapy discoveries. And unlike traditional IHC, which can only identify one marker in a tissue sample, multiplex IHC may detect many markers in a single tissue sample while providing detailed information about the cell composition and spatial arrangement. Reviewing multiplexed technologies is to demonstrate their utility in the study of cancer tissue as well as their benefits for applications in cancer diagnosis, stratifying patients, and accuracy for treatment. Summary: Digital pathology plays a significant part in current clinical practice and becoming an increasingly critical technological necessity in the laboratory environment, Algorithms for image analysis and artificial intelligence have the potential to further increase the quality of diagnostics in pathology.

Enhancing Supply Chain Resilience: An Empirical Analysis of Industrial Management Practices and Risk Mitigation Strategies

2025-06-01T18:06:49+00:00

The global supply chain faces complexity and vulnerability due to geopolitical stress, epidemic and market instability. The study explores the role of industrial management practices and explicit risk mitigation approaches towards supply chain resilience in sourcing, manufacturing, and demand-side risks. With global supply chains increasingly vulnerable to disruptions, it has become imperative to build resilience through strategic interventions. Using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), the research analyses risk mitigation approaches such as hedging, postponement, risk- sharing, control mechanisms, and strategic sourcing as moderator variables between supply chain risks and resilience. It emerges from the findings that supply chain resilience is not just a default reaction to external pressures but is highly enhanced when the parties involved engage in a proactive approach to risk management. Industrial management practices of inventory control and supplier relationship management coupled with the application of advanced technologies such as AI, IoT, and block chain mediate resilience in firms and improve resilience in organizational quick response and agility. The results reveal that actually implementing targeted risk mitigation mechanisms reduces the intensity of disruptions and firms' capability to adapt to, recover from, and continue with operations. The study remains insightful for practitioners to embed resilience into their firms, while it also sheds light on strategic levers which are adaptable to various risk scenarios. Findings provide a basis for drawing up customized, evidence-based resilience strategies for different industrial settings

Evaluating the Impact of Horizontal Shading on Indoor Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Tripoli

2025-06-01T18:10:11+00:00

In hot climates, where the control of solar exposure is vital for building performance and occupant comfort, the selection of appropriate shading devices is a key sustainable architectural strategy. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of vertical and horizontal shading devices across various building elevations. Our research demonstrates that vertical shading devices significantly outperform horizontal fins, reducing cooling loads by up to 8% when optimized for angle and length. Horizontal devices are less effective, particularly on east and west elevations, due to their inability to adequately manage sunlight. The paper outlines a set of design guidelines for optimal shading in hot climates: fixed horizontal shading devices with a depth between 0.3 meters to 0.8 meters for south-facing windows, vertical shading devices with a depth of 0.3 meters for east, west, and north elevations, and the strategic use of vegetation for additional cooling. These recommendations aim to enhance thermal comfort, reduce energy consumption, and promote economic efficiency in sustainable building design.

Evaluating the Accuracy of DKED and Fresnel Diffraction Models for Human Body Blockage in Indoor 5G Band Communications

2025-06-01T18:15:00+00:00

This paper investigates human-induced signal attenuation in indoor mm-wave communications at 32.5 GHz, a critical concern for 5G systems. Two distinct diffraction-based models are applied to the same indoor scenario to assess human blockage effects: one employs the Double Knife-Edge Diffraction (DKED) approach, and the other uses Fresnel diffraction principles with complex Fresnel integrals. Controlled experiments with a human subject moving between a transmitter (TX) and a receiver (RX) reveal that the DKED model consistently underestimates the received power by 2–6 dB, while the Fresnel diffraction approach underestimates it by 2–5 dB Based on the comparative results, the DKED model demonstrates higher accuracy in predicting signal attenuation, offering valuable insights for improving indoor 5G network performance.

The impact of Scattering Correction Techniques on The performance of Gamma Camera

2025-06-02T06:28:05+00:00

In nuclear medicine, scattering correction plays a crucial role in improving the accuracy and reliability of diagnostic imaging techniques such as nuclear medicines such as single -photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) .

The main aim of measuring scattering correction in gamma camera is to improve the accuracy and reliability of diagnostic images.

Correction was made for attenuation by transmission measurements. Three different scatter correction methods were used; the Triple Energy Window method (TEW), the Double Energy Window method (DEW) and the Lower Energy Window method (LEW).

The scatter correction gave an underestimation ranging between 20% and 0.5 % (for ^99mTc and all organs) depending on the correction methods used. For ¹²³I, these values ranged between an overestimation of 14% and 1.2 %. For higher background activities, the deviation from the true activity values became higher, but reasonably accurate. The most consequent results when considering all organs and organ-to-background activities was found when applying the LEW scatter correction method combined with the Bujis background correction method.

¹²³I is the most accurate results of attenuation and scatter correction was obtained for large organs when applying the TEW method.

LWT Based Robust Color Image Watermarking Using QR Factorization and DCT

2025-06-02T06:45:04+00:00

This paper proposes a novel robust blind color image watermarking technique that combines entropy analysis, lifting wavelet transform (LWT), QR factorization, and discrete cosine transform (DCT) for copyright protection. The RGB components of the color image are first separated, and the R component is then subjected to the 2-level LWT. Following DCT is applied to the 2-level LWT's high-frequency sub-band, the DCT coefficients are separated into 4x4 non-overlapping blocks. Each chosen block is then subjected to QR factorization, and the watermark is embedded in the first row and first column element of the upper triangular matrix. Numerous simulated tests show that the presented scheme is highly imperceptible and robust to attacks. The presented watermarking scheme performs better than the others in terms of invisibility, according to comparisons with comparable schemes.

Mitigating Resonant Vibration via Compressor Base Frame redesign at Souq Al-Khamis Cement Factory, Libya (Part II)

2025-06-02T06:49:05+00:00

Resonance occurs when the operating frequency of a system aligns with its natural frequency, resulting in amplified vibration amplitudes. To prevent potential damage and ensure optimal performance of a compressor's base frame at Souq Al-Khamis Cement Factory, researchers found the resonance in has been occurred when both the natural frequencies and rotating frequency were overlapped. Resonant Vibration in the base frames arises when the rotating vibration frequency aligns with the frame’s natural modes that leads to structural instability, fault unplanned shutdowns and production losses. This study analyzes resonant vibration in a cement factory compressor base frame and proposes a redesign using finite element methods to mitigate this issue. Four distinct modifications were made to the base frame on its shape, weight and boundary conditions: the first introduces fixed points to enhance rigidity, the second adds supports for increased stability, the third incorporates elements to improve durability, and the fourth enhances the thickness of the compressor. The results indicate that the redesigned configuration most effectively mitigates resonance and improves the system's natural frequency response.

PHASE TRANSFORMATION OF ION-EXCHANGED TITANO SILICATE MATERIAL

2025-06-02T06:56:10+00:00

The phase transformation and thermal stability of Co²⁺ and Cu²⁺-exchanged titanium silicate ETS-10 material, prepared by using cobalt (II) and copper (II) nitrate solution, and subsequent calcinations at different temperatures and cooled down to room temperature, were investigated by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), Elemental and Thermal Analysis. It found that the metal (II) exchanged ETS-10 material exhibits a high thermal stability at 723K.

The microspore system of Co²⁺-exchanged ETS-10 material changes into Narsarsukite (NaM²⁺TiOSi4O10) structure upon thermal treatment at 1023K, a further structure transformation into Rutile (TiO₂), Cobalt oxide (CoO), and Tridymite (SiO₂) materials upon heating the sample at 1223K.

The formation of Narsarsukite, Rutile and Tenorite (CuO) occurs when the sample of Cu²⁺-exchanged titanium silicate ETS-10 heated at 1023K. Phase transformation into Rutile, Tenorite and Tridymite materials upon heating Cu²⁺-exchanged ETS-10 material at 1223K.

Effect of duration of olive storage on the quality of olive oil produced in west Libya

2025-06-02T07:00:09+00:00

Olive oil is known for its health benefits due to its richness in monounsaturated fats, antioxidants like polyphenols, and vitamin E. Regular consumption lowers risks of cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and certain cancers, benefiting public health in Libya. Olive oil quality is influenced by factors such as the time from harvest to processing. This research aimed to study the effect of olive storage duration on the oil's chemical composition. Therefore, ten samples of olive fruits were collected from different regions of the Libyan coast and western mountain regions during October 2018 to evaluate the quality of the olive oil by conducting analyses of acidity, peroxide values and absorption coefficients, as well as estimating the content of phenolic compounds. The results showed that the acidity percentage in the Zliten Azdo oil samples which were stored for 2 months and the Nalut sample which were stored for 3 months exceeded the values specified by International Olive Oil Council (3%), while the acid number and peroxide number for all samples were within international standard limits (17) and (20) respectively. The results from this study demonstrated a range of K232 and K270 values across different olive oil samples, highlighting the influence of storage conditions on oil quality. Delaying the pressing of olives after harvesting increases free acidity, and raises the peroxide index.

This study provides guidelines to minimize the storage duration from harvesting to processing, aiming to preserve both the chemical and sensory quality of the oil throughout its shelf life.

Advanced Study of Soft Sets and Soft Matrices: Theory, Properties, and Application

2025-06-11T15:46:33+00:00

Soft set theory, introduced by Molodtsov in 1999, addresses uncertainty and imprecision. This paper proposes enhancements to soft set theory, including extended relative and h-dependent complements, addressing decision-making under uncertainty. Matrix representations are also refined for better computational utility.

Comparison Analysis and Calculation Of Cooling Capacity Of GTU Inlet Air ACooling Systems For Climatic Conditions With Saving Fuel Cost For Three Regions Of Libayn Jalu, Hon , Tripoli

2025-06-11T15:54:46+00:00

Gas turbine (GT) generators are the base of electricity branch in Libya. Gas turbine performance in Libya are characterized by high intake air temperatures and their fuel efficiency falling as a result that requires the intake air cooling. Absorption lithium-bromide chillers providing a gas turbine intake air temperature decrease down to 15 °С and absorption aqua-ammonia and refrigerant ejector chillers with air temperature decrease down to 10 °С and lower using the heat of turbine exhaust gas are discussed as waste heat thermo transformers. A fuel saving due to cooling of the air at the inlet of gas turbines down to varies temperatures by thermo transformers of different types has been evaluated for regions of Libya where electricity production in turbo generators is concentrated. It was shown that gas turbine intake air cooling down to the temperatures of 10 absorption aqua-ammonia and refrigerant ejector chillers provides annular fuel saving (1.5) times larger as compared with absorption lithium-bromide chillers providing a gas turbine intake air temperature decrease down to 15 °С. The higher efficiency of gas turbine intake air deep cooling down to the temperatures of 10 and absorption aqua-ammonia and refrigerant ejector chillers has been proved as a result. The annular fuel saving due to air cooling at the inlet of gas turbine generators by thermo transformers of different types has been evaluated for 3 regions of Libya where the electricity production ,Taking into account daily and seasonal changes in climatic conditions, and the cooling capacity allocated to air cooling.

Preparation and Characterization of Iron Titanate Nanoclusters

2025-06-11T16:01:05+00:00

This work presents a quantitative investigation of the synthesis and characterization of iron, titanium, and mixed iron-titanium nano-clusters. Special attention is given to the hydrothermal synthesis of glutamic acid in organic media. The goal of this work is to create nanoparticles for use in larger-scale applications and to establish a new avenue of research into the synthesis and characterization of these particles. Several methods have been employed to characterize the nanoparticles, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT- IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results from these techniques confirmed the XRD findings, showing the formation of titanium oxide (anatase), iron oxide (hematite), and ilmenite nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed that all of the product samples are semiconductors, and TGA validated their thermal stability.

Synthesis and Swelling Characterization, of Eco-friendly Cellulose/poly(AAc- co-AAm)/Ag Nanocomposite

2025-06-11T16:20:26+00:00

Eco-friendly cross-linked cellulose/poly(AAc-co- AAm)/ silver nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via simple free radical graft polymerization in presence of N,N'- methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent and potassium persulphate as an initiator. The grafted cellulose copolymers hydrogels AgNPs were characterized using several characterization techniques such as ultraviolet spectrometry (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microscopic analytical techniques exhibited an average diameter of 39-55 nm for AgNPs, as well as give information about shape and surface topography of the nanocomposite. XRD pattern of all samples showed that the finger print of Ag, cellulose and poly(AAc-co-AAm) have been observed approving the preparation of superabsorbent Ag nanocomposites. The influence of variables such as composition ratio and AgNO3 concentration, on the swelling behavior of prepared hydrogels. The degree of swelling was substantially increased with decreasing AAc : AAm molar ratio from 1:3 to 1:2. Effect of silver nitrate concentration result show the water absorption increase with increase of AgNO3 concentration. A maximum swelling of 669 g/g and 515 g/g respectively in distilled water and tap water were obtained when 15mmol of AgNO3 was incorporated

Content-Based Filtering for Personalized Article Recommendations System

2025-06-11T17:17:29+00:00

This research investigates the development and evaluation of an article recommendation system, based on content-based filtering. The system utilizes natural language processing techniques to extract meaningful features from article text, such as keywords. These features are then used to calculate similarity between articles, enabling the system to recommend articles with similar content to users based on their reading history. The performance of the Content-Based Filtering Algorithm is assessed by evaluating its effectiveness in providing relevant and personalized article recommendations to users. For instance, the model successfully identified "Google shares data center security and design..." as the most similar article to the query "Google Data Center 360° Tour" based on the lowest Euclidean distance (1.18).

Differentiation between logistic regression analysis and discriminant analysis methods to reveal the factors which contribute to classify the difficulties of scientific researches that facing faculty members. (A field study on a sample of faculty members

2025-06-02T06:37:31+00:00

This study aims to determine the optimal method differentiating between discriminant analysis and binary logistic regression for classifying the challenges faced by faculty members at the University of Ajdabiya in conducting scientific research. Faculty members were categorized into two groups: those who face difficulties and those who do not.

The study also seeks to identify the most influential factors contributing to these research challenges. A simple random sampling method was employed, with data collected through a structured questionnaire.

The findings revealed that the classification accuracy of the discriminant analysis method was 85.5%, while the logistic regression method achieved a higher classification accuracy of 92.3%. Consequently, logistic regression proved to be more effective than discriminant analysis in data classification. However, both methods yielded consistent results in assessing the impact of independent variables on research challenges. The analysis identified several statistically significant variables—marital status, years of experience, subjective difficulties, and academic challenges-that influence the difficulties encountered by faculty members at the University of Ajdabiya.

The availability of requirement for implementing total quality management in research centers (the libyan Higher Technical Center for Training and Production as amodel)

2025-06-02T07:03:54+00:00

This study aims to identify the requirements for implementing Total Quality Management in research centers, the Libyan Higher Technical Center for Training and Production affiliated to the Scientific Research Authority affiliated to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Given the importance of this topic and its connection to a research institution and to achieve the vision and strategy of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, the year 2023 was named the year of (Quality and Digital Transformation). The requirements for implementing Total Quality Management in the research center were identified and its availability in the center was measured and results and recommendations were reached that contribute to developing and improving the center's work by adopting and providing these requirements. The study community consisted of all employees working in the research center located in the city of Tripoli, numbering (80) employees. After distributing (74) questionnaires to the study sample, (63) valid forms were retrieved for statistical analysis. To analyze the data collected from the study sample, and to achieve the study objectives, the computer and the statistical package program were used. This study concluded with a set of results, the most important of which are the following: There is a weakness in the item "Everyone's participation", which means that the percentage of everyone's participation in making decisions and implementing tasks was weak, and that the research center does not have a clear mechanism for "encouragement and motivation" so that there is competition between employees and highlighting the distinguished employee and increasing productivity, and that the research center lacks competencies in quality, and this result was clear in the item "Building a comprehensive and integrated mechanism to implement quality management from (leadership, design, monitoring, training, guidance)" The research center has a weakness in communication between departments, offices and units in the item "Removing barriers between departments, sections and units" The research center has a very large weakness in the item "An effective internal and external communication system", as the document cycle between departments and offices is weak and needs to be developed, The research center does not have a database and information within the center, and this is due to the failure to activate the center's specialized offices in this Work, the research center has a very big weakness in the item of "continuous improvement" within the center, and one of the positive things is that there is a real will from the senior management to implement total quality management, where full support is provided to the researcher during the study, and the researcher finally recommends implementing this study on the research center so that it contributes to its improvement and development.

The Stability of Solutions to Singular and Non-Singular Fredholm-Volterra Integral Equations

2025-06-11T16:10:45+00:00

The aim of the research is to identify solution stability of Friedholm-Volterra equation. This research studied the Friedholm-Volterra integral equation with a continuous kernel with respect to position and time. It was solved numerically using grouping and Galerkin. The error in each case and the stability of its solution were estimated.

Estimation of Grape Loss Percentage in Libya at Retailing Marketing

2025-06-11T16:39:36+00:00

Grape Loss is one of the most sereious issues that face grape industry in Libya. This loss is affected by many factors such as retaling circumstances. This research aims to estimate the percentage of grape loss considering the difficulties facing grape marketing. The study was conducted using an open-closed questionnaire with personal interviews to collect data about the response of grape retailers to questions about recent situations of grape markting in some regions of west of Libya. Cronbach’s Alfa test was done to measure the stability and reliability, and descriptive analysis performed for the evaluation of the response according to the demographic properties of the representative samples and the properties of marketing locations to calculate the percentages, weighed mean, standard diviation and to determine the general response using the Fifth Likart Scale. Grape loss percentages were also estimated according to the retailers’ experience. Chronpach’s alpha test showed that the used questionnaire has strong stability and reliability coefficient allowing to analyze its data trustfully. The survey about the garpe supply and selling conditions indicated the lack of the minimum requirement for better marketing. Descriptive analysis for demographic elements showed that most of grape sellers are young and jobless people with poor experience dealing with grape marketing. The descriptive analysis for properties and data of the representative samples showed contrastive responses regarding time, distance of transportation and properties of marketing places. The percentages, weighed means and the overall responses accoding to the Fifth Likart Scale varied between the quitionannire axes and indicators. The findings showed that the grape loss percentage at retail selling reaches 20% according to reatilers estimations expressing the real marketing problems in grapes marketing in Libya. Thus, it is recommended to raise awareness and continous control to minimize grape loss and encourage grapes industry in the country.

Evaluating the impact of intersections on traffic using computer software

2025-06-11T16:47:57+00:00

Traffic intersections are considered essential elements in any traffic system, playing a vital role in organizing traffic flow and directing vehicles. The importance of these intersections lies in being the points where different roads intersect, facilitating movement between areas. However, poorly designed intersections can lead to significant issues, such as congestion and long wait times, negatively impacting drivers' experiences and the effectiveness of the traffic system. When intersections are not well-designed, they result in irregular traffic flow, necessitating the need for precise scientific studies to analyze traffic flow. These studies should rely on sound scientific principles to understand the relationship between intersection design and traffic performance. There can be cost-effective operational solutions, such as optimizing traffic signals or changing movement patterns, which contribute to improving efficiency. A review of previous studies shows an increasing interest in evaluating the impact of intersections on traffic using computer programs. This study aims to review the most important of these studies and focus on key points that highlight how to improve the performance of these intersections and increase the efficiency of the traffic network. This paper discusses some studies related to intersections and their effects on traffic, with a focus on using computer programs to assess their performance. These studies include traffic performance analysis and examining how intersection design and traffic signals affect movement efficiency. Programs such as "Synchro," "VISSIM," "SIDRA," and "HCS" are used to evaluate the level of service and delay times at various intersections. Simulation techniques are also employed to solve traffic problems and improve flow, with some studies comparing these programs to determine their different impacts on traffic.

Laboratory study to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures under the influence of hot climate (Desert)

2025-06-11T16:53:47+00:00

Concrete is the main material for implementing concrete buildings and infrastructure projects in most regions of the world. During the past years, it has witnessed a great development that contributed to the construction of concrete buildings of various types ]1[ .Despite the development witnessed by the stages of concrete manufacturing, there are still some problems facing the stages of its implementation. This research reviews the study of the effect of hot climate (desert) on the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures, which included of compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and bending strength by doing laboratory tests were conducted on ordinary concrete with comparison with the test results of improved concrete added to silica fume and superplasticizers during (0, 45, 90) daily thermal cycles. The study used ratio of additives in the normal mix (cement: aggregate: sand: water) is (1: 2.5: 2: 0.55) % of the cement weight and the ratio of additives in the improved mix (cement: aggregate: sand: water: Sika Fume: superplasticizers) is (1: 2.2: 1.3: 0.22: 0.1: 0.18) % of the cement weight. After the mixing process, the samples were immersed in water for 28 days and then placed in electric ovens for (45, 90) thermal cycles. Then, the compressive strength test, indirect tensile strength test and flexural strength test were conducted for the normal mix and improved mix samples.The compressive strength of the improved concrete recorded much better values than the compressive strength values of the normal concrete during all stages of the thermal cycles. Also the results of indirect tensile strength reflected a significant advantage for the improved concrete over the normal concrete during all stages of the daily thermal cycles. More over the test results rapture stress showed that the improved concrete has better resistance to bending comparing with the bending resistance of normal concrete during the daily thermal cycles. The process of adding improved materials to the concrete mix reflected achieving amazing properties by developing the concrete’s behavior in resisting loads and hot climatic conditions.

The Role of Risk Management in the Quality of Performance of Libyan Inspection Companies

2025-06-11T17:00:54+00:00

In light of the circumstances facing the Libyan market from the entry of imported goods and merchandise of various types, making inspection companies face various and many risks, which impose the need to apply risk management so that they can diagnose these risks well and find the proper methodology to deal with all types of risks because the application of risk management aims to reach the maximum benefit for the institution through the process of dealing with risks. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the extent of the application of risk management in Libyan inspection companies to ensure the quality of imported goods. In this work, the descriptive analytical approach was followed and a refereed scientific questionnaire was distributed to the study sample to test hypotheses developed to achieve the purpose of this study, and the results obtained were analyzed and discussed using statistical program (SPSS). The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the lack of application of risk management in an accurate scientific manner in the Libyan companies under study, and the absence of awareness of its importance. It also concluded that the nature of the administrative organizational culture does not pose an obstacle against the possibility of applying risk management in inspection companies, and that the application of risk management leads to a reduction in the risks resulting from inspections. The results also highlighted the necessity of establishing a body within companies whose primary activity is to effectively manage the various risks they face, and to work on instilling the values of risk management culture among employees so that they are prepared and capable of enduring various circumstances to confront them. This way, risk management can be effective and play a role in improving inspection processes while also working on the implementation of the international standard ISO/IEC 17020 for the general requirements of inspection bodies.

Quality Assurance Standards and Their Impact on Higher Education and its Outputs in Libya

2025-06-11T17:10:08+00:00

Those responsible for implementing quality assurance standards for higher education in Libya are striving to reach international standards in line with the country’s sustainable development aspirations. This research aims to shed light on the structural and technical challenges that hinder the implementation of quality assurance standards, highlighting gaps in educational policies and lack of infrastructure. The analysis points to the importance of developing a comprehensive and sustainable quality assurance framework, developing effective oversight mechanisms, and providing ongoing training programs for academic staff. Technology plays a pivotal role in improving the quality of education, as technological innovation and e-learning applications can expand access to knowledge and enhance students’ abilities. This research also addresses the important role of international partnerships and academic cooperation in enriching the educational experience and providing a diverse and rich learning environment. The research concludes that ensuring the quality of higher education in Libya requires a strategic vision and a real desire for change, based on cooperation between the government, educational institutions, civil society, and the private sector. Building a high-quality education system not only improves academic outcomes, but also contributes to preparing a generation capable of actively participating in nation-building. Through joint efforts and hard work, Libya can achieve a leading education system that meets international standards and supports the aspirations of its young generation.

The Importance of Training Quality in Achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals: A Study of Innovative Experiences in the Arab Region

2025-06-11T17:21:33+00:00

This research paper highlights the importance of training quality in achieving Sustainable Development Goals, as training quality is an important factor in building a qualified workforce capable of facing future challenges. Many countries face challenges in achieving training quality, which negatively affects their ability to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. The paper defines the concept of training quality and highlights its importance in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, focusing on training quality standards. It also discusses the concept of sustainable development and its goals and focuses on the impact of training on achieving these goals. This research presents early experiences in the Arab region, such as Libya, Saudi Arabia, the Emirates, and Qatar, to highlight the importance of training in achieving Sustainable Development Goals in these countries. The study was based on the following question: What is the importance of training quality in achieving sustainable development goals? . The study used the descriptive and comparative approaches as they are the most appropriate for the nature of the study and for achieving its goals.

The role of colleges of education in preparing and qualifying teachers to improve the quality of education in Libya in accordance with the requirements of the labor market and development.

2025-06-11T17:28:12+00:00

This paper seeks to address a vital and critical issue for the development of the education system in Libya, namely the role of colleges of education in preparing and qualifying teachers and their professional development and its linkage to the needs of the labor market and development requirements. As the world enters the third millennium, the success of these colleges has become dependent on the quality of the graduate and his ability to innovate, create and renovate, as well as the extent to which these colleges are aligned with the labor market and development. The paper points out that an examination of the colleges of education in Libya does not find it difficult to prove their shortcomings, despite the many attempts to reform them. Many scientific conferences and seminars have addressed the issue of teacher preparation in general and the reality of education faculties in particular. The facts show that the preparation and training programs are unable to provide teachers with the skills necessary for their continuous growth and follow-up of academic and professional changes. The paper also addressed the most important practices and successful experiences regionally and internationally, which were employed in a number of important proposals to develop professional development programs for teachers in Libya. Among these proposals are Reviewing the regulations of the faculties of education at Libyan universities (No. 465 of 2022) to include clear criteria for evaluating programs, developing curricula, and defining practical training requirements. The paper also proposed the formation of a permanent national committee to evaluate and develop colleges of education. This committee will be responsible for developing mechanisms and procedures that oblige colleges of education to develop teacher preparation and professional development programs, taking into account the needs of the labor market and development requirements.